h                                                       Hyposecretion of Thyroid

 Infantile Hypothyroidism  Because thyroid hormone affects the growth and function  of many tissues, a deficiency of this hormone in infancy  causes physical and mental retardation as well as other  symptoms that together constitute congenital hypothyroidism. . If not diagnosed  at birth and treated, hypothyroidism will lead to mental  retardation within 6 months.  The United States and other  developed countries now require testing of all newborns for  hypothyroidism. l

Adult Hypothyroidism In adults, thyroid deficiency causes weight gain; lethargy; rough, dry skin; hair loss; and facial swelling. There maybe reproductive problems and muscular weakness, pain, autoimmune destruction and stiffness. l

Treatment : Thyroid hormone

h                                               Hypersecretion of Thyroid    

Graves Disease (diffuse toxic goitr)  Is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies stimulate an increased   production of thyroid hormone.M

Symptoms*  1.weight loss        2.irritability        3.hand tremor         4. tachycardia        5.exophthalmos

Treatment*       1. antithyroid drugs                2. surgical removal of the gland                   3. radiation therapy

Goitr (The enlarged thyroid)  Goiter is not necessarily accompanied by thyroid malfunction. A simple or nontoxic goiter is caused by a dietary iodine deficiency. Such cases are rare  in industrialized countries because of iodine addition to salt  and other commercial foods.L

Over activity of Parathyroid causes a high level of calcium in the blood. Because  this calcium is obtained from the bones, there is also skeletal degeneration and bone pain.  A common side effect is  FIGURE 9-5  Graves disease. A young woman with hyperthyroidism   the development of kidney stones from the high levels of  circulating calcium.  m

Side effect *    kidney stones

   Parathyroid Hormone Deficiency  Reason * Damage to the parathyroids or their surgical removal,  as during thyroid surgery                                                               

Result *  Decrease in blood calcium level                                                 

   symptoms* numbness /tingling in the arms and leg and perioral / tetany                                                    

Treatment * supplying calcium